What does the levels-of-processing model propose about memory?

The levels-of-processing model, proposed by Craik and Lockhart, posits that memory retention depends significantly on how deeply information is processed at the time of encoding. According to this model, shallow processing strategies, such as focusing on the physical characteristics of stimuli, lead to poorer retention. In contrast, deeper levels of processing, which involve semantic understanding and making connections to existing knowledge, result in much better memory retention.

By emphasizing the depth of encoding, this model suggests that the quality of memory is not just about passing information from short-term to long-term storage, but rather how meaningfully the information has been engaged. This aligns with the correct answer, as it underscores the idea that deeper, more semantic processing leads to more robust and accessible memories.